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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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[Chronic hepatitis B--still a problem in children].

Luiza Pohaci-Antonesei¹, Livia Bratu, Tania Rusu

¹Clinica a II-Pediatric, Facultatea de Medicină, Universitatea de Medicină B şi Farmacie Gr.T. Popa Iaşi.

Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii De Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi

|January 20, 2011

Summary

Newborn and adolescent hepatitis B vaccination significantly reduced chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in children. This study analyzed HBV infection trends a decade after the national vaccination program

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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a significant global health burden.
Vaccination is a key strategy for controlling HBV transmission.
National vaccination programs aim to reduce the incidence of acute and chronic HBV infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the epidemiologic dynamics of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children.
To compare HBV infection rates in the decade following a national vaccination program with the period preceding it.

Main Methods:

Retrospective epidemiological study design.
Analysis of HBV infection incidence data.
Comparison of infection rates before and after the implementation of a national vaccination program.

Main Results:

The national vaccination program demonstrated a significant impact on reducing HBV infection incidence.
A notable decline in chronic HBV infections was observed in children post-vaccination.
Epidemiologic trends shifted following widespread vaccination implementation.

Conclusions:

Neonatal and adolescent hepatitis B vaccination is effective in controlling chronic HBV infection.
Sustained public health efforts are crucial for long-term HBV control.
The study provides evidence supporting the long-term benefits of hepatitis B vaccination programs.