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Related Concept Videos

The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Aging01:26

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
08:50

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Published on: June 16, 2014

Aging and vascular endothelial function in humans.

Douglas R Seals1, Kristen L Jablonski, Anthony J Donato

  • 1Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. seals@colorado.edu

Clinical Science (London, England : 1979)
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging impairs vascular endothelial function, reducing nitric oxide (NO) availability and increasing oxidative stress, which contributes to cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these aging mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies.

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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Arteriolar Endothelium of Mouse Brain Parenchyma

Published on: March 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Aging Research
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Advancing age is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
  • Vascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by reduced endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD), is a key contributor to age-related CVD.
  • Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due to oxidative stress is the main mechanism behind impaired EDD in aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying age-related vascular endothelial dysfunction.
  • To identify factors that modulate vascular endothelial function with aging.
  • To highlight the need for effective strategies to prevent and treat vascular aging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on aging, vascular function, and cardiovascular disease.
  • Analysis of the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction in aging.
  • Examination of lifestyle and biological factors influencing vascular aging.

Main Results:

  • Aging increases vascular oxidative stress via enhanced superoxide production from NADPH oxidase, eNOS uncoupling, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Other contributing factors include increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) bioactivity, reduced prostaglandins, inflammation, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), apoptosis, and estrogen deficiency.
  • Lifestyle factors like exercise, diet, body weight, and vitamin D status modulate vascular endothelial function in aging.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a critical component of aging and cardiovascular risk.
  • Multiple pathways contribute to impaired endothelial function with age, including oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • Further research is needed to develop interventions for vascular aging, considering the growing elderly population.