[Urine markers with special regard to fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)]

Patient care with noninvasive or minimally invasive methods is appealing for the patient. It has to be assessed in terms of validity to guarantee improvement of patient care. Urine cytology for the detection of tumour cells can be considered a valid method since its specificity and sensitivity is high when high-grade tumour cells are sought. High-grade tumour cells are considered the clinically most relevant finding in urine specimens. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of interphase nuclei on centromeric and gene loci has been optimized for urothelial carcinoma and increases the sensitivity of tumour findings. It also gives a valid chance to adapt the number of cystoscopies in the follow-up of bladder cancer patients more individually.