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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Hot flakes in cold cases.

Harald Schneider1, Thomas Sommerer, Steve Rand

  • 1Hessisches Landeskriminalamt, Hölderlinstr. 1-5, 65187 Wiesbaden, Germany.

International Journal of Legal Medicine
|January 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic scientists can now analyze complex DNA mixtures from shed skin cells using a new screening method. This technique successfully individualizes DNA from mixed stains, aiding in solving cold cases and serious crimes.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Analyzing mixed DNA profiles from multiple individuals in forensic samples has been a significant challenge.
  • Previous methods often resulted in ambiguous or inconclusive DNA profiles, hindering investigations.

Observation:

  • A novel method involving comprehensive or targeted screening of shed cells from garment tapings was developed.
  • This technique allows for the individualization of DNA from complex mixtures previously difficult to resolve.

Findings:

  • Analysis of 500 single skin flakes using two commercial STR kits demonstrated the method's efficacy.
  • The validated method is rapid, sensitive, and reproducible for routine casework.
  • Two cold cases were successfully solved using this approach, highlighting its practical forensic value.

Implications:

  • This technique offers a powerful tool for re-examining archived forensic samples, particularly from serious crimes.
  • It has the potential to resolve previously intractable cases and provide crucial evidence.
  • The method's success in cold cases suggests broad applicability in forensic investigations.