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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

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Related Experiment Video

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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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The Tn antigen-structural simplicity and biological complexity.

Tongzhong Ju1, Vivianne I Otto, Richard D Cummings

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Tn antigen, an abnormal glycan linked to cancer, arises from mutations affecting O-glycosylation. Understanding its aberrant expression is key for developing targeted cancer vaccines and therapies.

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Published on: September 10, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Glycobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Glycoproteins contain diverse glycan structures, with N-glycans and O-glycans being major types.
  • The Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr) is an abnormal mucin-type O-glycan associated with cancer and human disorders.
  • Normal modification of the Tn antigen involves T-synthase in the Golgi, dependent on the Cosmc chaperone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular basis of Tn antigen expression.
  • To explore the role of T-synthase and Cosmc in O-glycosylation.
  • To understand the implications of aberrant Tn antigen expression in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of the Tn antigen.
  • Analysis of O-glycosylation pathways.
  • Genetic studies of T-synthase and Cosmc mutations.

Main Results:

  • The Tn antigen's structure is GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr.
  • Mutations in T-synthase or Cosmc genes lead to aberrant Tn antigen expression.
  • Aberrant O-glycosylation pathways contribute to disease-associated Tn antigen expression.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant expression of the Tn antigen is linked to mutations in key O-glycosylation genes.
  • The Tn antigen's association with disease drives interest in therapeutic strategies.
  • Development of Tn-based vaccines and therapies is a promising area of research.