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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a shift toward resilience?
Vania Modesto-Lowe1, Larisa Yelunina, Kawal Hanjan
1Connecticut Valley Hospital, Middletown, CT 06457, USA. vania.modesto-lowe@po.state.ct.us
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can achieve positive outcomes through resilience factors. Supportive parenting, environmental resources, and pharmacotherapy may enhance functioning, though long-term developmental impact requires further study.
Area of Science:
- Child Psychology
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical, academic, and social functioning in children.
- A subset of children with ADHD demonstrates resilience, achieving favorable symptomatic and functional outcomes.
- Understanding protective factors is crucial for optimizing development in affected children.
Purpose of the Study:
- To organize research on factors promoting favorable outcomes in children with ADHD using a resilience framework.
- To identify modifiable protective factors, including parenting and pharmacotherapy, that influence ADHD outcomes.
- To synthesize evidence on the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences in ADHD.
Main Methods:
- Conducted a PubMed literature search using keywords 'resilience' and 'ADHD'.
- Focused on studies examining modifiable protective factors like parenting styles and pharmacotherapy.
- Analyzed research on genetic, parental, peer, and environmental interactions in ADHD development.
Main Results:
- Genetics is a significant contributor to ADHD etiology.
- Parental, peer, and environmental factors interact with genes, moderating ADHD's developmental trajectory.
- Pharmacotherapy shows modest positive effects on academic achievement, social functioning, and quality of life.
Conclusions:
- A resilience framework helps understand positive outcomes in ADHD.
- While pharmacotherapy offers benefits, its capacity to modify long-term developmental outcomes remains uncertain.
- Strengthening family support and access to health/educational resources are vital for optimizing outcomes in children with ADHD.
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