Low-threshold lasing action in photonic crystal slabs enabled by Fano resonances

We present a theoretical analysis of lasing action in photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs). The semiclassical laser equations for such structures are simulated with three different theoretical techniques: exact finite-difference time-domain calculations, an steady-state ab-initio laser theory and a semi-analytical coupled-mode formalism. Our simulations show that, for an exemplary four-level gain model, the excitation of dark Fano resonances featuring arbitrarily large quality factors can lead to a significant reduction of the lasing threshold of PCSELs with respect to conventional vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Our calculations also suggest that at the onset of lasing action, most of the laser power generated by finite-size PCSELs is emitted in the photonic crystal plane rather than the vertical direction. In addition to their fundamental interest, these findings may affect further engineering of active devices based on photonic crystal slabs.