Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

$Interference and Diffraction$ 02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

Symmetric Member in Bending

Symmetric Member in Bending

In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Non-destructive insights into photosynthetic and photoprotective mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under two light regimes.

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy·2022

Same author

Electro-Physiology of Coupling Model and Its Impact on Naja Kaouthia Venom Treated Sciatic Nerves of Toad.

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society·2018

Same author

Quantifying Demyelination in NK venom treated nerve using its electric circuit model.

Scientific reports·2016

Same author

Parabolic tapered structure for an ultracompact multimode interference coupler.

Applied optics·2009

Same author

Polarization independent thermally tunable erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain equalizer using a cascaded Mach-Zehnder coupler.

Applied optics·2008

Same author

Education, skills, and working environments of workers in India's rural industry.

International journal of occupational and environmental health·2001

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

Double S-bend structure for a compact two mode interference coupler.

¹Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India. pps@tezu.ernet.in

|January 26, 2011

Summary

A novel double S-bend structure significantly reduces the coupling length in two mode interference (TMI) couplers by 15%. This advancement offers improved fabrication tolerance for optical devices.

Area of Science:

Photonics and Optical Engineering
Integrated Optics
Waveguide Devices

Background:

Two mode interference (TMI) couplers are fundamental components in integrated optics.
Reducing the coupling length of TMI couplers is crucial for device miniaturization and performance enhancement.
Conventional TMI structures face limitations in achieving shorter coupling lengths and maintaining fabrication tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and analyze a novel double S-bend structure for 2x2 TMI couplers.
To investigate the reduction in coupling length offered by the proposed structure.
To evaluate the impact of power imbalance on the fabrication tolerance of the new TMI coupler design.

Main Methods:

Development of a simple mathematical model based on sinusoidal modes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

Simulation and analysis of coupling characteristics for the proposed double S-bend TMI coupler.

Comparison of the proposed structure with conventional TMI coupler designs.

Main Results:

The proposed double S-bend TMI coupler achieves a 15% reduction in longitudinal beat length compared to conventional structures.
The study quantifies the coupling characteristics of the novel TMI coupler.
Analysis reveals the effect of power imbalance on the fabrication tolerance of the proposed coupler.

Conclusions:

The double S-bend structure is an effective design for reducing the coupling length in 2x2 TMI couplers.
The proposed TMI coupler exhibits improved performance and potentially better fabrication tolerance.
This research contributes to the development of more compact and efficient integrated optical devices.