Classification and grading of canine mammary tumors

Mammary neoplasms are the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Two histologic classification systems for canine mammary tumors and dysplasias have been published: the first in 1974 and a modification in 1999. This article provides a brief overview of the two histologic classification systems. Since the publication of the second system, several new histologic subtypes of canine mammary neoplasms have been described. These have been incorporated into the proposed new classification system. This article also compares the grading systems for canine mammary carcinomas and their use for prognosis, along with the histologic classification.