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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
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Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Published on: January 7, 2019

HIV reservoirs and latency models.

Matthew J Pace1, Luis Agosto, Erin H Graf

  • 1Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.

Virology
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

HIV viral reservoirs, particularly latent CD4+ T cells, impede cures. This review examines reservoir formation, maintenance, and models, highlighting the role of resting CD4+ T cells in HIV latency.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • HIV cure is hindered by persistent, drug-resistant viral reservoirs.
  • Latently infected CD4+ T cells are a primary focus of these reservoirs.
  • Understanding reservoir dynamics is crucial for developing effective HIV eradication strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on HIV reservoir formation and maintenance.
  • To compare in vivo and in vitro models of HIV latency.
  • To elucidate the role of specific CD4+ T cell subsets in HIV reservoirs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HIV reservoirs and latency.
  • Comparative analysis of various in vivo and in vitro latency models.
  • Examination of CD4+ T cell phenotypes contributing to reservoirs.

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
07:10

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Published on: January 7, 2019

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Main Results:

  • Multiple CD4+ T cell subsets contribute to HIV reservoirs.
  • The composition of these subsets can change with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and disease progression.
  • Direct infection of resting CD4+ T cells is a significant source of reservoir formation and a viable model for studying latency.

Conclusions:

  • HIV reservoirs are complex and involve diverse CD4+ T cell populations.
  • Current models offer insights but require further refinement to fully represent in vivo conditions.
  • Resting CD4+ T cells are susceptible to HIV infection and play a key role in establishing latent reservoirs, challenging previous assumptions.