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Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
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System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Sensory Memory01:14

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory captures information from the environment in its original form for a very brief duration, just long enough to be exposed to visual, auditory, and other senses. This type of memory is detailed and rich but quickly lost unless certain strategies are employed to transfer it into short-term or long-term memory. Sensory information is continuously bombarding the human brain, yet only a small fraction is absorbed, as most of it does not significantly impact daily life. For instance,...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
05:48

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis

Published on: August 9, 2024

Long-term memory for speaker's voice and source location.

R E Geiselman1, F S Bellezza

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 45701, Athens, Ohio.

Memory & Cognition
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recalling sentences is easier when voice is automatically processed, but focusing on location hinders memory. Voice attributes are coded automatically, unlike location, which requires more cognitive effort.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Auditory memory research often focuses on semantic content.
  • Less is understood about the automatic processing of non-semantic auditory attributes like voice and location.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how intentional memory instructions for voice and location attributes affect sentence recall.
  • To determine if voice and location attributes are processed automatically or require additional cognitive resources.

Main Methods:

  • 128 subjects attempted to recall 20 simple sentences.
  • Sentences were presented in different voices and from different spatial locations.
  • Subjects received intentional instructions to remember sentences, voice, and/or location attributes.

Main Results:

  • Intentional focus on location attributes impaired sentence recall.
  • Intentional focus on voice attributes did not impair sentence recall.
  • Voice attributes appeared to be automatically encoded, while location required additional cognitive processing.

Conclusions:

  • Voice characteristics are processed in parallel with sentence meaning, potentially in different brain hemispheres.
  • The connotation of a speaker's voice may influence the perceived meaning of a sentence.
  • Location memory requires more cognitive resources than voice memory during auditory recall.