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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
X-inactivation01:58

X-inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation
12:42

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

Published on: November 26, 2014

Long Noncoding RNAs and X Chromosome Inactivation.

Cristina Gontan1, Iris Jonkers, Joost Gribnau

  • 1Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Room Ee 09-71, 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) equalizes gene dosage using the Xist gene. Xist RNA spreads to silence the X chromosome, a process crucial for development and studied for noncoding RNA functions.

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation
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Published on: November 26, 2014

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Published on: March 25, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Female somatic cells equalize sex-linked gene expression through X chromosome inactivation (XCI).
  • XCI initiation depends on the Xist gene, a noncoding RNA essential for silencing.
  • Xist RNA spreads in cis to recruit chromatin remodelers, establishing the inactive X chromosome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Xist structure and function.
  • To discuss regulatory elements and proteins involved in XCI.
  • To explore new findings on other noncoding RNAs in gene repression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Xist and XCI.
  • Analysis of cis- and trans-regulatory mechanisms in XCI.
  • Comparison of Xist-mediated silencing with other ncRNA-mediated gene repression.

Main Results:

  • Xist RNA spreading is critical for recruiting chromatin remodeling complexes.
  • XCI involves complex cis- and trans-regulatory networks.
  • Other ncRNAs also play roles in gene repression, offering insights into Xist function.

Conclusions:

  • Xist is a key noncoding RNA in XCI, serving as a model for ncRNA-mediated gene silencing.
  • Understanding Xist and related ncRNAs is vital for comprehending gene regulation and development.
  • Further research into ncRNAs can illuminate mechanisms of gene repression and epigenetic control.