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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Concurrent extinction does not render appetitive conditioning context specific.

James Byron Nelson1, Sebastián Lombas, Samuel P Léon

  • 1University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain. JamesByron.Nelson@Ehu.es

Learning & Behavior
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extinction training did not make learning context-specific as hypothesized. Instead, extinction enhanced responding in novel contexts but reduced it in familiar ones, challenging current retrieval theories.

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A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
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A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
13:24

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Published on: September 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Learning and Memory
  • Animal Cognition

Background:

  • The hypothesis suggests extinction training increases attention to contextual cues, making subsequent learning context-specific.
  • This context specificity is thought to arise from enhanced retrieval of learned associations within the training context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generality of the hypothesis that extinction leads to context-specific learning.
  • To examine the effect of extinction on attention to contextual cues during appetitive conditioning in rats.

Main Methods:

  • Rats underwent appetitive conditioning with a tone, with or without concurrent extinction of a flasher cue.
  • Subsequent testing involved extinction trials in either the same or a different context from training.
  • An ABA recovery design was employed for further analysis.

Main Results:

  • A significant three-way interaction between extinction, context, and trials was observed, contrary to the hypothesis.
  • Rats in the extinction group showed enhanced responding in a novel context.
  • Conversely, the extinction group exhibited reduced responding in the familiar training context.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the revised retrieval theory by Callejas-Aguilera and Rosas (2011).
  • Extinction appears to promote generalization to new contexts rather than strict context specificity.
  • Attention to context may be modulated differently during extinction than previously proposed.