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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
08:32

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Published on: September 10, 2012

Human insulin allergy: four case reports.

A Teixeira Rodrigues1, L F Chiaverini Ensina, L Sabino Garro

  • 1Clinical Immunology and Allergy Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil. lfensina@yahoo.com.br

European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|February 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin allergy is rare but serious, even with human recombinant insulin. This study details 4 cases of IgE-mediated reactions, offering insights into diagnosis and treatment.

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Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin allergy historically common, now rare due to human recombinant insulin.
  • Incidence of human recombinant insulin allergy is less than 1% of treated patients.
  • Despite rarity, insulin allergy necessitates prompt allergological evaluation.

Observation:

  • Presents 4 cases of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to human recombinant insulin.
  • Highlights clinical scenarios of insulin allergy.
  • Focuses on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

Findings:

  • Confirms IgE-mediated mechanisms in human recombinant insulin allergy.
  • Illustrates the spectrum of allergic reactions.
  • Provides case-based evidence for diagnostic approaches.

Implications:

  • Underscores the importance of recognizing and managing rare insulin allergies.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding diagnosis and treatment strategies.
  • Contributes to understanding hypersensitivity to modern biopharmaceuticals.