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Are family variables associated with ADHD, inattentive type? A case-control study in schools
Gabriel Ferreira Pheula1, Luis Augusto Rohde, Marcelo Schmitz
1Serviço de Psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil.
Family adversity and low family cohesion increase the risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type (ADHD-I). This study highlights environmental factors impacting ADHD-I development in children and adolescents.
Area of Science:
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- Developmental Psychology
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to psychosocial adversity.
- Research on environmental factors in ADHD, inattentive type (ADHD-I) is limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between family environment risk factors and ADHD-I.
- To explore the role of family adversity in ADHD-I development.
Main Methods:
- Case-control study of 100 children/adolescents with ADHD-I and 100 controls (ages 6-18).
- Utilized structured diagnostic interviews and family adversity measures (Rutter's index, FES, FRI).
- Adjusted for confounding factors like social phobia and maternal ADHD history.
Main Results:
- Increased Rutter's family adversity indicators correlated with higher odds of ADHD-I.
- Lower family cohesion (Family Environment Scale) was associated with increased ADHD-I risk (OR 1.24).
- Lower Family Relationship Index (FRI) also linked to higher ADHD-I risk (OR 1.11).
Conclusions:
- Family adversity, low family cohesion, and poor family relationships are associated with increased ADHD-I risk.
- Findings suggest environmental factors play a role in ADHD-I.
- Cross-sectional design limits definitive causal inference.
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