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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
The skin, which is the primary organ of the integumentary system, consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is the...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

In Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy of Single Nerve Endings in Skin
07:31

In Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy of Single Nerve Endings in Skin

Published on: August 24, 2014

Something new under the skin.

Michael Eisenstein

    Nature Biotechnology
    |February 9, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Intravenous delivery is evolving. Alternate biologic drug administration routes offer enhanced safety and efficiency for patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Drug Delivery Systems

    Background:

    • Traditional intravenous (IV) administration of biologics faces limitations in patient safety and therapeutic efficiency.
    • The "one-size-fits-all" approach to IV drug delivery may not be optimal for all biologic therapeutics.

    Discussion:

    • Exploring alternative drug delivery routes for biologics is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
    • Novel administration methods aim to enhance the targeted delivery and systemic exposure of complex biologic drugs.
    • Optimizing biologic drug administration can lead to reduced side effects and improved treatment efficacy.

    Key Insights:

    • Alternative delivery routes are emerging as a viable alternative to intravenous administration for biologics.
    • These new methods promise improved safety profiles and greater efficiency in drug delivery.
    • Patient-centric approaches to biologic administration are gaining traction in pharmaceutical research.

    Outlook:

    • Further research into non-intravenous biologic delivery systems is expected to yield significant advancements.
    • Clinical translation of these alternative routes could revolutionize therapeutic strategies for various diseases.
    • The future of biologic drug administration likely involves personalized and more accessible delivery options.