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Open and closed-loop control systems

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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
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Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

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Frequency-induced changes in interlimb interactions: increasing manifestations of closed-loop control.

Betteco J de Boer¹, C Lieke E Peper, Peter J Beek

¹Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. b.j.de.boer@vu.nl

Behavioural Brain Research

|February 12, 2011

Summary

Increasing movement frequency shifts bimanual coordination from open-loop to closed-loop control. This transition relies on integrated timing and error correction, with their contributions changing at higher frequencies.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Human Movement Science

Background:

Bimanual coordination exhibits attraction to in-phase and antiphase patterns.
Higher movement frequencies destabilize antiphase coordination, often causing a shift to in-phase patterns.
The specific interlimb interactions causing frequency-induced instability remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how interlimb interactions change with increasing movement frequency in bimanual coordination.
To dissociate and quantify the contributions of feedforward signals, error correction, and phase entrainment to coordination stability.

Main Methods:

Employed a comparative analysis of unimanual and bimanual tasks with passive and active movements.
Dissociated three key sources of interlimb interaction: integrated timing, afferent-based error correction, and contralateral phase entrainment.

Main Results:

Phase entrainment strength was independent of movement frequency.
The stabilizing roles of error correction and integrated timing diminished as frequency increased.
At moderate frequencies, integrated timing dominated stability; at high frequencies, both integrated timing and error correction were crucial for stabilizing antiphase patterns.

Conclusions:

Increasing movement frequency promotes a shift from open-loop to closed-loop control in bimanual coordination.
Findings support an internal forward model for sensorimotor integration, comparing sensory signals with predicted values from efference copies.