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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Proofreading01:43

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Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

RNA editing by mammalian ADARs.

Marion Hogg1, Simona Paro, Liam P Keegan

  • 1MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.

Advances in Genetics
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian RNA editing converts adenosine to inosine using ADAR enzymes, crucial for nervous system function. ADARs also bind RNA, impacting processes like RNA interference, with deficiencies linked to neurological disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mammalian RNA editing primarily involves adenosine-to-inosine conversion, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes.
  • ADARs are essential for nervous system function, with editing concentrated in CNS transcripts.
  • The biological significance of ADAR editing in Alu elements remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the different ADAR enzymes and their functions.
  • To describe the phenotypes associated with ADAR deficiency in animal models.
  • To explore the implications of ADARs in RNA interference and neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme characterization of ADARs (adenosine deaminases that act on RNA).
  • Analysis of phenotypes in ADAR-deficient animal models.
  • Review of literature linking ADAR activity to neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Four ADAR enzymes exist in mammals; two are catalytically inactive.
  • ADARs play a critical role in CNS gene expression and nervous system maintenance.
  • ADARs possess double-stranded RNA-binding capabilities, influencing RNA interference.

Conclusions:

  • ADARs are vital enzymes for RNA editing and nervous system health.
  • Dysregulation of ADAR activity is implicated in neurological disorders like ALS and forebrain ischemia.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the role of ADARs in Alu element editing.