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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
07:59

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration

Published on: April 4, 2022

Getting a Knack for NAC: N-Acetyl-Cysteine.

Randy A Sansone1, Lori A Sansone

  • 1Dr. R. Sansone is a professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine at Wright State University School of Medicine in Dayton, Ohio, and Director of Psychiatry Education at Kettering Medical Center in Kettering, Ohio.

Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to cysteine, supporting antioxidant activity and modulating the brain's reward pathway. This suggests NAC may be a promising, low-risk treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including those involving oxidative stress or compulsive behaviors.

Keywords:
AntioxidantsN-acetyl-L-cysteineN-acetyl-cysteineN-acetylcysteineNAC

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
07:59

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Published on: April 4, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to the amino acid cysteine.
  • Cysteine plays key metabolic roles in glutathione production and glutamatergic system modulation.
  • These functions suggest NAC's potential therapeutic relevance in psychiatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential therapeutic effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in psychiatric disorders.
  • To investigate NAC's roles in antioxidant activity and reward-reinforcement pathways.
  • To assess NAC as a potential intervention for oxidative stress-related and impulsive/compulsive psychiatric syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on N-acetylcysteine's (NAC) metabolic functions and clinical applications.
  • Analysis of NAC's biochemical roles in glutathione synthesis and glutamatergic modulation.
  • Evaluation of NAC's proposed therapeutic mechanisms for psychiatric disorders.

Main Results:

  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supports the body's antioxidant defenses via glutathione production.
  • NAC modulates the glutamatergic system, influencing reward-reinforcement pathways.
  • NAC shows potential for treating psychiatric disorders linked to oxidative stress and impulsive/compulsive behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a promising intervention for psychiatric conditions due to its antioxidant and neuromodulatory effects.
  • While optimal dosages and long-term risks require further investigation, NAC presents a relatively low-risk treatment option.
  • NAC may be suitable for various psychiatric conditions in both specialized and primary care settings.