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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Exploring the Application of Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering-based Biosensing of Individual sEVs in Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutics
07:17

Exploring the Application of Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering-based Biosensing of Individual sEVs in Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutics

Published on: March 13, 2026

e-Science, caGrid, and Translational Biomedical Research.

Joel Saltz1, Tahsin Kurc, Shannon Hastings

  • 1Center for Comprehensive Informatics at Emory University.

Computer
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Translational research, which addresses diverse diseases and hypotheses, faces significant implementation challenges. Novel e-Science technologies are essential to manage complex data and demanding requirements for these biomedical projects.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Translational science
  • e-Science

Background:

  • Translational research encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases, biomedical hypotheses, and experimental methodologies.
  • These projects generate diverse data and operate in complex environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in implementing translational research projects.
  • To emphasize the need for advanced e-Science technologies in biomedical research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the requirements for translational research projects.
  • Identification of challenges related to data diversity and execution environments.
  • Recognition of security and reliability demands.

Main Results:

  • Translational research implementation is complex due to varied data and environments.
  • High security and reliability are critical but challenging to achieve.

Conclusions:

  • Novel e-Science technologies are crucial for overcoming the implementation hurdles in translational research.
  • Advanced technological solutions are necessary to support the complex needs of modern biomedical studies.