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Related Concept Videos

Electrophoresis: Overview01:20

Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
There...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...
Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis01:22

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such as  cells...
SDS-PAGE01:27

SDS-PAGE

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact proteins...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example
12:44

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example

Published on: December 3, 2014

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA).

M F Smith1, S Delbary-Gossart

  • 1Department of Medicine/GI, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding transcription factors, which control gene expression by binding DNA, is key to cell function. Identifying these factors reveals how cells respond to stimuli and can lead to targeted gene therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression is regulated by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors.
  • The cellular environment and external stimuli dictate the presence and activity of transcription factors.
  • Understanding transcription factor profiles is crucial for comprehending cellular responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of transcription factors in cellular gene expression.
  • To highlight the importance of identifying transcription factors for understanding cellular mechanisms.
  • To explore the potential of transcription factor knowledge in developing targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA-binding protein interactions with gene regulatory regions.
  • Characterization of transcription factor spectrum within different cell types and conditions.
  • Correlation of transcription factor presence with specific cellular responses and gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Established that the specific set of transcription factors determines a cell's gene expression program.
  • Demonstrated that transcription factor presence is dynamic, varying with cell type and stimuli.
  • Confirmed the link between transcription factor identification and cellular environmental responses.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of transcription factors enhances understanding of cellular and tissue responses to environmental cues.
  • Identifying transcription factors involved in specific gene expression is vital for elucidating molecular mechanisms.
  • This understanding can pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific genes or pathways.