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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
08:50

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Published on: June 25, 2013

Anesthetic considerations for patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

P Rock1

  • 1Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Director, Division of Critical Care Anesthesia, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.

Surgical Technology International
|February 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Laparoscopic surgery offers significant benefits over traditional open procedures, including faster recovery, reduced costs, and improved patient outcomes. This minimally invasive approach is expanding beyond gynecologic surgery to various abdominal operations.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Abdominal Surgery

Background:

  • Laparoscopy, initially for gynecologic procedures, is now widely adopted for abdominal surgeries.
  • Traditional open surgery involves larger incisions with associated complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the expanding applications of laparoscopy in abdominal surgery.
  • To outline the advantages of laparoscopic surgery over open procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current laparoscopic surgical practices for abdominal procedures.
  • Comparison of laparoscopic versus open surgical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Laparoscopic surgery leads to shorter hospital stays and quicker return to activity.
  • Reduced hospital costs, improved cosmetic results, and fewer adhesions are observed.
  • Laparoscopic procedures generally involve less postoperative pain and better respiratory function.

Conclusions:

  • Laparoscopy is a safe and effective alternative to open surgery for numerous abdominal procedures.
  • The benefits include enhanced patient recovery, cost-effectiveness, and reduced morbidity.
  • Continued expansion of laparoscopic techniques is expected across general surgery.