Structural support, not insulation, is the primary driver for avian cup-shaped nest design

The nest micro-environment is a widely studied area of avian biology, however, the contribution of nest conductance (the inverse of insulation) to the energetics of the incubating adult and offspring has largely been overlooked. Surface-specific thermal conductance (W °C(-1) cm(-2)) has been related to nest dimensions, wall porosity, height above-ground and altitude, but the most relevant measure is total conductance (G, W °C(-1)). This study is the first to analyse conductance allometrically with adult body mass (M, g), according to the form G = aM(b). We propose three alternative hypotheses to explain the scaling of conductance. The exponent may emerge from: heat loss scaling (M(0.48)) in which G scales with the same exponent as thermal conductance of the adult bird, isometric scaling (M(0.33)) in which nest shape is held constant as parent mass increases, and structural scaling (M(0.25)) in which nests are designed to support a given adult mass. Data from 213 cup-shaped nests, from 36 Australian species weighing 8-360 g, show conductance is proportional to M(0.25). This allometric exponent is significantly different from those expected for heat loss and isometric scaling and confirms the hypothesis that structural support for the eggs and incubating parent is the primary factor driving nest design.