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Related Concept Videos

Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
Expansion and Contraction in Masonry Walls01:19

Expansion and Contraction in Masonry Walls

Masonry walls are subject to slight expansion and contraction due to variations in temperature and moisture. Thermal movement in masonry is relatively straightforward to measure and plan for. On the other hand, moisture movement poses more of a challenge. New clay masonry units typically absorb water and expand over time under normal environmental conditions. Conversely, new concrete masonry units tend to shrink as they lose the excess moisture acquired during their production process.
To...
Design Example: Dimensioning of Concrete Masonry Construction01:13

Design Example: Dimensioning of Concrete Masonry Construction

For the construction of a storeroom using concrete masonry units, it's essential to align the dimensions of the structure with the actual sizes of the blocks and the intended mortar joints. On the site in question, there's a stockpile of concrete masonry blocks with a nominal size of eight by eight by sixteen inches, which are to be used in the construction of the storeroom.
The site engineer has laid out a plan for the storeroom with external dimensions of twelve feet in length and eight feet...
Design Example: Distributing Reinforcements in Concrete Sections01:22

Design Example: Distributing Reinforcements in Concrete Sections

The topic explores the practical aspects of adjusting steel reinforcements within a concrete beam section to meet specific design requirements. When designing a reinforced concrete beam, it is essential to distribute the steel reinforcements properly to ensure structural integrity and efficiency. The example provided details a scenario where a beam requires a total steel cross-section of 4 square inches. The engineer identifies that the available steel bars have a nominal diameter of 1.693...
Composite Masonry Walls01:18

Composite Masonry Walls

Composite masonry walls combine multiple wythes of the same or different masonry materials to create a unified structure. These walls feature wythes that are bonded together either through mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or more commonly, with rigid metal ties and reinforcements, with the use of masonry header units being rare. Metal ties are preferred because they effectively minimize water penetration, as these walls primarily absorb moisture and then release it into the...
Types of Building Separation Joints01:23

Types of Building Separation Joints

Building separation joints divide large or complex building structures into smaller, discrete units that can move independently. These joints are categorized into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints.
Volume-change joints address the effects of expansion and contraction due to temperature and moisture variations. They are strategically placed at discontinuities in a building's mass where cracking is most likely and are spaced about 150 to 200 feet...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Patterning the Geometry of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies on Compliant Substrates to Control Tissue-Level Mechanics
10:04

Patterning the Geometry of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies on Compliant Substrates to Control Tissue-Level Mechanics

Published on: September 28, 2019

Honeycomb construction on designed foundations reveals geometry-dependent developmental pathways.

Takayuki Narumi1, Ryo Ogawa2, Koichi Osaki3

  • 1Faculty of Economics, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan. t-narumi@kitakyu-u.ac.jp.

Scientific Reports
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Honeybees adapt their honeycomb construction to geometric constraints. Even on square foundations, their building behavior shifts towards hexagonal patterns through local growth and reorganization.

Keywords:
3D printingGeometric constraintsHoneycomb constructionMorphological reorganization

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Analysis of Cell Differentiation, Morphogenesis, and Patterning During Chicken Embryogenesis Using the Soaked-Bead Assay
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Analysis of Cell Differentiation, Morphogenesis, and Patterning During Chicken Embryogenesis Using the Soaked-Bead Assay

Published on: January 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Honeycomb construction is a key example of collective biological structure formation.
  • The precise mechanisms by which honeybees form ordered cell patterns under geometric constraints are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate how honeybee comb development is influenced by imposed geometric constraints.
  • To compare comb formation on hexagonal and square lattice foundations of varying scales.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 3D-printed foundations with hexagonal and square lattice designs.
  • Introducing these foundations into active honeybee colonies to observe comb development.
  • Analyzing construction patterns, wax attachment, cell formation, and morphological reorganization.

Main Results:

  • On small and medium hexagonal foundations, construction followed a path of local wax attachment and expansion.
  • On large hexagonal and square foundations, construction dynamics shifted, with a tendency to transition from imposed orthogonal patterns to hexagonal-like mixed polygonal cells.
  • Imposed geometry significantly influences developmental pathways and coverage dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Honeybee comb organization can progressively evolve towards hexagonal structures.
  • Local attachment, growth, and morphological reorganization are key processes in adapting to geometric influences.
  • The findings provide insights into collective biological structure formation under constraints.