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Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Development of Blood Vessels

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

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A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System

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Fluid dynamics of heart development.

Arvind Santhanakrishnan¹, Laura A Miller

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Parker H. Petit Biotechnology Building, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA. arvind7@gatech.edu

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics

|February 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fluid dynamics and forces are crucial for embryonic heart development, influencing chamber and valve formation through shear stress and pressure signaling. This review explores these fluidic roles in cardiac morphogenesis.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Developmental Biology
Biophysics

Background:

Embryonic heart development involves complex interactions between morphology, muscle mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
The role of fluid forces, such as shear stress and pressure gradients, in cardiac morphogenesis is increasingly recognized.
Understanding these forces is key to deciphering the relationship between heart evolution and development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fluid dynamics involved in early heart development.
To integrate findings from cardiac morphology, muscle mechanics, regulatory networks, and electrophysiology with intracardiac fluid dynamics.
To highlight the potential of fluid shear stress and pressure gradients as morphogenic signals.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on embryonic heart development.
Analysis of research connecting fluid dynamics with cardiac morphology and mechanics.
Synthesis of information on molecular and electrophysiological aspects in the context of fluid dynamics.

Main Results:

Fluid shear stress may initiate biochemical signaling pathways regulating endothelial cells, impacting chamber and valve development.
Myocardial activity generates intracardiac pressure gradients that can act as epigenetic signals.
Existing research suggests a significant, though often understudied, role for fluid dynamics in shaping the developing heart.

Conclusions:

Fluid dynamics are integral to embryonic heart development, influencing key morphogenic processes.
Intracardiac fluid forces, including shear stress and pressure, act as critical signaling mechanisms.
Further research integrating fluid dynamics with other aspects of cardiac development is warranted.