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Related Concept Videos

Osmotic Pressure01:26

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move toward a solution through a semipermeable membrane. As the solution dilutes due to the entry of solvent, it expands. This expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the solution. When the hydrostatic pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis stops.Osmotic pressure, denoted by Π, is the minimum pressure needed to prevent the solvent from passing into the solution by osmosis. The van 't Hoff equation calculates the osmotic pressure of an...
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...
Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.Diffusion Versus OsmosisBoth diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport—cellular transport that does not require...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

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Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Boric acid permeation in forward osmosis membrane processes: modeling, experiments, and implications.

Xue Jin1, Chuyang Y Tang, Yangshuo Gu

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Forward osmosis (FO) effectively removes boron using a predictive model. This research guides the creation of better FO membranes for efficient water purification and contaminant rejection.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Membrane Science and Technology
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising technology for desalination and water purification.
  • Understanding contaminant transport, such as boron, is crucial for optimizing FO performance.
  • Current methods lack standardized metrics for comparing membrane rejection capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a predictive model for boron flux in FO systems.
  • To investigate the impact of membrane orientation on boron transport.
  • To introduce a standardized definition for contaminant rejection in FO processes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model to predict boron flux.
  • Experimental validation of the model using FO setups.
  • Analysis of boron transport under different membrane orientations.

Main Results:

  • The developed model accurately predicts boron flux, showing strong agreement with experimental data.
  • Membrane orientation significantly impacts boron flux, with higher flux observed when the active layer faces the draw solution due to internal concentration polarization.
  • A novel definition for contaminant rejection in FO was established.

Conclusions:

  • The predictive model is a valuable tool for designing and improving FO membranes for boron removal.
  • Minimizing internal concentration polarization and optimizing membrane properties are key to reducing boron flux.
  • The new rejection definition enables consistent comparison of FO membrane performance.