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Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of Chloroplasts
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mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts
12:29

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts

Published on: July 28, 2017

The RNA-recognition motif in chloroplasts.

Hannes Ruwe1, Christiane Kupsch, Marlene Teubner

  • 1Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Chausseestrasse 117, Berlin, Germany.

Journal of Plant Physiology
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Chloroplast RNA processing involves many RNA binding proteins. This review focuses on RNA recognition motif proteins, key regulators of chloroplast gene expression under changing environmental conditions.

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Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes

Published on: May 31, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chloroplasts possess complex RNA metabolism requiring numerous RNA binding proteins.
  • The precise regulatory roles and molecular mechanisms of many chloroplast RNA binding proteins remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on chloroplast proteins featuring an RNA recognition motif (RRM).
  • To highlight the potential of RRM proteins in regulating chloroplast RNA processing in response to environmental cues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on chloroplast RNA binding proteins.
  • Focus on proteins containing the RNA recognition motif domain.

Main Results:

  • RNA recognition motif proteins are widespread in chloroplasts and involved in RNA processing.
  • Some RRM proteins exhibit altered expression or modification states in response to stimuli.
  • These proteins are implicated as crucial regulators of chloroplast RNA metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • RNA recognition motif proteins are vital for adapting chloroplast RNA processing to environmental changes.
  • Further research into RRM protein function is essential for understanding chloroplast gene regulation.