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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Switching stem cell state through programmed germ cell reprogramming.

Astrid Gillich1, Katsuhiko Hayashi

  • 1Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.

Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryo-derived stem cells can change states, offering new possibilities for reprogramming. Germ cell-mediated reprogramming shows promise for converting stem cell states, particularly in human embryonic stem cells.

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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
09:34

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Embryo-derived stem cells possess distinct properties based on their origin.
  • Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) differ from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in transcriptional, epigenetic, and culture profiles.
  • Stem cell states are generally stable but recent studies indicate interconversion is possible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in inducing stem cell state changes.
  • To explore the potential of germ cell-mediated reprogramming for stem cell conversion.
  • To discuss the significance of these processes for human stem cell applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on stem cell state conversion.
  • Analysis of germ cell-mediated reprogramming techniques.
  • Comparison of mouse EpiSCs and human ESCs properties.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies demonstrate the feasibility of inducing stem cell state changes.
  • Germ cell-mediated reprogramming is a potential strategy for stem cell conversion.
  • Mouse EpiSCs share similarities with human ESCs, suggesting relevance for human applications.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell state conversion is an emerging field with significant potential.
  • Germ cell-mediated reprogramming offers a novel approach for manipulating stem cell identity.
  • Understanding and inducing stem cell conversion in human cells could have broad implications in regenerative medicine.