Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
Published on: July 29, 2020
Associations between whole-grain intake, psychosocial variables, and home availability among elementary school
Renee A Rosen1, Teri L Burgess-Champoux, Len Marquart
1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. rose0560@umn.edu
Objective:
Develop, refine, and test psychosocial scales for associations with whole-grain intake.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a Minneapolis/St. Paul suburban elementary school with children in fourth through sixth grades (n = 98) and their parents (n = 76). Variables of interest were child whole-grain intake, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, preferences, knowledge regarding whole-grain food, and whole-grain availability at home. Correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze data.
Results:
Internal consistency and test-retest correlation coefficients for child psychosocial scales were modest or acceptable (α = .55-.70). Parents reported a mean of 15 ± 7 whole-grain products available at home. Child mean daily intake of total grain was about 8 servings, and intake of products containing whole grain was slightly over 2 servings. Reported home availability and refined-grain intake were significantly related to whole-grain intake, whereas psychosocial variables were not.
Conclusions And Implications:
Home availability may be a more important variable associated with whole-grain intake than psychosocial variables.
Related Concept Videos
Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System II: Health Perception Pattern
Health Perception Patterns
Health perception patterns offer valuable insights into a patient's lifestyle habits and how they may impact their GI health. These patterns include:
Self-Schemas
Cause and Effect
Lifestyle Factors and Health
Benefits of Physical Activity
Physical activity, whether through structured exercise or casual activities like walking, biking, or dancing, is a cornerstone of a...
Correlations