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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

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Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
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Developmental control of imprinted expression by macro non-coding RNAs.

Federica Santoro1, Denise P Barlow

  • 1CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Science, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic imprinting involves epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Macro non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) influence this process, but other developmental factors are also crucial for maintaining imprinted gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling gene expression.
  • Imprinted genes exhibit parent-of-origin specific expression, often limited to specific tissues or developmental stages.
  • Macro non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can regulate imprinted gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which macro ncRNAs control imprinted expression during development and differentiation.
  • To explore the role of other developmentally regulated factors in maintaining imprinted expression.
  • To consider the implications for target selection in epigenetic therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genomic imprinting and ncRNA function.
  • Analysis of epigenetic regulation during development.
  • Examination of factors influencing imprinted gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Macro ncRNAs play a significant role in controlling imprinted gene expression.
  • Imprinted expression is influenced by factors beyond macro ncRNAs, particularly during development and differentiation.
  • The interplay between ncRNAs and other factors shapes tissue-specific and stage-specific imprinted expression.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex regulation of imprinted genes is essential.
  • Macro ncRNAs are critical regulators, but not the sole determinants, of genomic imprinting.
  • Insights into these mechanisms can inform the development of epigenetic therapies.