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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic and are commonly found near the...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers
10:08

Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: July 25, 2012

Giant magnetoresistance through a single molecule.

Stefan Schmaus1, Alexei Bagrets, Yasmine Nahas

  • 1Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Nature Nanotechnology
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers achieved giant magnetoresistance in a single molecule, a key advance for spintronic devices. This breakthrough in molecular electronics could lead to more efficient data storage and memory technologies.

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High-Speed Magnetic Tweezers for Nanomechanical Measurements on Force-Sensitive Elements
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High-Speed Magnetic Tweezers for Nanomechanical Measurements on Force-Sensitive Elements

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Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers
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Published on: July 25, 2012

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High-Speed Magnetic Tweezers for Nanomechanical Measurements on Force-Sensitive Elements

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Molecular Electronics
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Magnetoresistance, the change in electrical resistance due to a magnetic field, is crucial for data storage.
  • Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is utilized in hard drive read heads and memory, typically using metallic spacers.
  • Tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) offers larger resistance changes with insulating spacers but suffers from high resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate giant magnetoresistance (GMR) across a single molecule.
  • To investigate the potential of molecular systems for spintronic applications.
  • To explore the underlying physics of magnetoresistance in single-molecule junctions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single-molecule junction using a ferromagnetic scanning tunnelling microscope tip.
  • Contacting a single, non-magnetic hydrogen phthalocyanine molecule.
  • Measurement of magnetoresistance and conductance of the molecular junction.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of 60% across a single hydrogen phthalocyanine molecule.
  • Measured a conductance of 0.26G(0), where G(0) is the quantum of conductance.
  • Theoretical analysis identified spin-dependent hybridization of molecular and electrode orbitals as the mechanism for GMR.

Conclusions:

  • Single molecules can exhibit significant giant magnetoresistance (GMR).
  • Spin-dependent orbital hybridization is the key mechanism driving GMR in these molecular junctions.
  • This work opens new avenues for molecular spintronics and advanced electronic devices.