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Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Oligosaccharide Assembly

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Protein-polysaccharide conjugation.

Z Guo¹, H Jennings

¹Institute for Biological Science, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, On, Canada.

Methods in Molecular Medicine

|February 22, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are established vaccines but fail in infants and some adults. Semisynthetic vaccines created by conjugating polysaccharides to protein carriers overcome these limitations for improved immunogenicity.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

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Published on: July 6, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Microbiology

Background:

Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are used as immunoprophylactic agents against encapsulated bacteria.
Existing polysaccharide vaccines have limitations, including inadequate immune responses in infants and weak immunogenicity in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new generation of vaccines overcoming the limitations of traditional polysaccharide vaccines.
To enhance the immunogenicity of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Main Methods:

Development of semisynthetic vaccines.
Conjugation of bacterial capsular polysaccharides to protein carriers.

Main Results:

Semisynthetic vaccines demonstrate improved immunogenicity compared to unconjugated polysaccharides.
The new vaccine generation addresses the inadequate immune response in infants and weak immunogenicity in adults.

Conclusions:

Conjugation of polysaccharides to protein carriers is a viable strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy.
Semisynthetic vaccines represent a significant advancement in combating bacterial infections, especially in vulnerable populations.