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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C-seq)
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High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C-seq)

Published on: October 5, 2018

Genome sequencing and annotation.

A C Jeffries1, N J Saunders, D W Hood

  • 1Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complete genome sequencing of Neisseria meningitidis strains MC58 and Z2491 is now available. This provides essential gene information for bacterial pathogenesis and vaccine development research.

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High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C-seq)
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Complete microbial genome sequences accelerate molecular investigations by providing comprehensive gene lists and functions.
  • Neisseria meningitidis is a significant pathogen, with complete genome sequences now available for serogroup B (MC58) and serogroup A (Z2491) strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the complete genome sequences of two distinct Neisseria meningitidis strains.
  • To facilitate research in bacterial pathogenesis and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome shotgun sequencing approach was employed for both strains.
  • DNA was sheared, cloned into libraries (small and large insert), and sequenced from both ends.
  • Sequence assembly into contigs, followed by gap closure using PCR and further sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Complete genome sequences for Neisseria meningitidis strains MC58 and Z2491 have been determined.
  • The sequencing process involved generating multiple coverage of the genome and assembling fragmented sequences.

Conclusions:

  • The availability of these complete genome sequences is a valuable resource for the scientific community.
  • These genomic data will significantly aid in understanding Neisseria meningitidis biology, pathogenesis, and in developing novel vaccines.