Apoptotic cell signaling in cancer progression and therapy
Jessica Plati1, Octavian Bucur, Roya Khosravi-Far
1Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Abstract:
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated cell suicide program that plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or harmful cells. Impairment of this native defense mechanism promotes aberrant cellular proliferation and the accumulation of genetic defects, ultimately resulting in tumorigenesis, and frequently confers drug resistance to cancer cells. The regulation of apoptosis at several levels is essential to maintain the delicate balance between cellular survival and death signaling that is required to prevent disease. Complex networks of signaling pathways act to promote or inhibit apoptosis in response to various cues. Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from within the cell, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as the binding of ligands to cell surface death receptors. Various upstream signaling pathways can modulate apoptosis by converging on, and thereby altering the activity of, common central control points within the apoptotic signaling pathways, which involve the BCL-2 family proteins, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). This review highlights the role of these fundamental regulators of apoptosis in the context of both normal apoptotic signaling mechanisms and dysregulated apoptotic pathways that can render cancer cells resistant to cell death. In addition, therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the activity of BCL-2 family proteins, IAPs, and c-FLIP for the targeted induction of apoptosis are briefly discussed.
Insights
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is crucial for health. Its dysregulation drives cancer and drug resistance, highlighting key protein regulators like BCL-2 family, IAPs, and c-FLIP.
Area of Science:
- Cellular biology
- Molecular mechanisms of cell death
- Cancer biology
Background:
- Apoptosis is a regulated cell suicide process vital for tissue homeostasis.
- Impaired apoptosis leads to uncontrolled cell growth, genetic instability, and cancer development.
- Dysregulated apoptosis contributes to cancer cell drug resistance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the fundamental regulators of apoptosis.
- To highlight their role in normal and cancer cell death pathways.
- To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting apoptosis in cancer.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of apoptosis signaling pathways.
- Analysis of key protein families regulating apoptosis: BCL-2 family, IAPs, and c-FLIP.
- Discussion of therapeutic interventions targeting these regulators.
Main Results:
- Apoptosis is controlled by complex signaling networks converging on key regulators.
- BCL-2 family proteins, IAPs, and c-FLIP are central to apoptosis modulation.
- Dysfunction of these regulators contributes to cancer resistance to cell death.
Conclusions:
- Understanding apoptosis regulators is key to preventing and treating diseases like cancer.
- Targeting BCL-2 family proteins, IAPs, and c-FLIP offers potential therapeutic strategies for cancer.
- Modulating apoptosis pathways can overcome drug resistance in cancer cells.
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