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Related Concept Videos

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization02:07

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in cytogenetics. Labeled probes are used to bind complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or in a region within a cell. Earlier, the probes could only be obtained by cloning or reverse transcription of a DNA template. Currently, the probe oligonucleotides can be synthesized synthetically. Additionally, with the advancement of optical techniques,...
In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
A probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to corresponding nucleotide sequences in a cell. Many...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
16:37

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Published on: August 5, 2008

Comparative genomic hybridization.

R Roylance1

  • 1Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) screens the entire genome for genetic material gains and losses. This technique is crucial in cancer genetics for identifying genes involved in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Cytogenetics
  • Cancer Genetics

Background:

  • Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique.
  • It is increasingly used in cancer genetics to study tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To screen the entire genome for gains and losses of genetic material.
  • To identify genes critical for tumor metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • CGH involves cohybridizing differentially labeled test (tumor) DNA and reference (normal) DNA to normal metaphase spreads.
  • Differences in DNA copy number are detected by analyzing the ratio of green to red fluorescence intensity on metaphase chromosomes using digital image analysis.
  • Regions of chromosomal gain appear as increased fluorescence ratio, while losses appear as decreased ratio.

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Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (Array CGH) for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants
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Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (Array CGH) for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

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An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
16:37

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Published on: August 5, 2008

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (Array CGH) for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants
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Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (Array CGH) for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

Published on: February 21, 2015

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Published on: November 8, 2017

Main Results:

  • CGH identifies chromosomal regions with gains or losses of genetic material.
  • Losses are detectable when exceeding 10 Mb; high-level amplifications of smaller regions (e.g., 2 Mb amplified five times) are also visualized.
  • An average fluorescence ratio for each chromosome is obtained by analyzing 5/210 metaphases per tumor.

Conclusions:

  • CGH is a powerful tool for genome-wide screening of genetic alterations in cancer.
  • It facilitates the identification of genes involved in tumor development and metastasis.
  • Further definition of identified regions can be achieved using FISH or molecular genetic techniques.