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Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
12:24

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma : the clinical problem.

V Usatoff1, N A Habib

  • 1Division of Surgery, Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer death, often arises in patients with cirrhosis. Early detection through screening high-risk groups improves treatment effectiveness and survival chances for this common malignancy.

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Laparoscopic Anatomical Resection of the Right Anterior Lobe Based on the Laennec Capsule Technique
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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
12:24

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Published on: September 30, 2021

Laparoscopic Anatomical Resection of the Right Anterior Lobe Based on the Laennec Capsule Technique
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Laparoscopic Anatomical Resection of the Right Anterior Lobe Based on the Laennec Capsule Technique

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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
06:38

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignancy causing over one million deaths globally each year.
  • A strong causal link exists between HCC and cirrhosis, with most cases developing in patients who have cirrhotic liver disease.
  • Prognosis for untreated HCC is poor, highlighting the need for effective therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment modalities.
  • To emphasize the importance of early tumor detection through screening in high-risk populations.
  • To discuss the challenges and limitations of surgical resection for HCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HCC epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of the role of cirrhosis in HCC development.
  • Evaluation of the impact of tumor stage on patient survival and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection offers the only curative option for HCC but is feasible for a minority of patients.
  • Nonsurgical treatments, including regional and systemic therapies, are widely adopted for unresectable HCC.
  • Tumor stage is a critical determinant of survival in HCC patients.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection of HCC via screening in high-risk individuals significantly enhances the potential for successful treatment.
  • Management of HCC requires a multidisciplinary approach, considering tumor stage and underlying liver health.
  • Advancements in nonsurgical treatment modalities are crucial for improving outcomes in the majority of HCC patients.