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RNA Splicing

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

RNA Splicing

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Forced Transdifferentiation

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Cell fate conversion by mRNA.

Mo Li¹, Ignacio Sancho-Martinez, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte

¹Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. belmonte@salk.edu

Stem Cell Research & Therapy

|February 25, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) technology enables efficient cell reprogramming and fate conversion without altering the genome. This breakthrough holds promise for regenerative medicine, including safer stem cell generation and cell-replacement therapies.

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) technology offers a non-genomic modification approach for cellular reprogramming.
This method has garnered significant attention from researchers and clinicians for its potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss technological advancements in synthetic mRNA-based reprogramming.
To explore the implications of this technology for regenerative medicine.
To identify challenges and future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

Utilizing synthetic mRNA for efficient reprogramming to pluripotency.
Employing mRNA for cell fate conversion without genomic alteration.

Main Results:

Demonstrated efficient reprogramming and cell fate conversion using synthetic mRNA.
Highlighted the potential for generating safe induced pluripotent stem cells for clinical use.
Showcased the derivation of specific cell types for therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

Synthetic mRNA technology represents a significant advancement in regenerative medicine.
This approach addresses key needs in mechanistic reprogramming studies, clinical-grade stem cell generation, and cell-replacement therapies.
Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and fully realize the potential of mRNA-based regenerative medicine.