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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
09:18

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Published on: December 14, 2017

The Chernobyl accident and its consequences.

V Saenko1, V Ivanov, A Tsyb

  • 1Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. saenko@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|February 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster caused widespread radioactive contamination. Long-term health effects, particularly thyroid cancer, require ongoing study of exposed populations for a complete risk assessment.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear safety and environmental science
  • Radioecology and public health
  • Epidemiology of radiation exposure

Background:

  • The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident resulted in a massive release of radioisotopes, contaminating extensive areas.
  • Varied radiation exposure levels among affected populations hindered immediate health and radioecology impact assessment.
  • Despite 25 years of research, a comprehensive understanding of long-term risks necessitates lifelong population monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the technical aspects and radioactive releases of the Chernobyl accident.
  • To provide information on radiation exposure to various population groups.
  • To highlight the long-term health consequences, with a focus on thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of technical accident details and radioactive release data.
  • Analysis of collected radiation dose and health status information from affected populations.
  • Examination of epidemiological studies and aid programs in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific population groups exposed to radiation, including clean-up workers and residents.
  • Collection of crucial data on radiation doses and health outcomes through national and international cooperation.
  • Focus on radiation-associated thyroid cancer as a significant health consequence.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term monitoring of the Chernobyl-exposed population is essential for a definitive risk assessment.
  • International collaboration has been vital in gathering data for understanding health impacts.
  • Targeted interventions and continued research are necessary for managing health consequences, especially thyroid cancer.