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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
Published on: April 29, 2020
Alternative attachment factors and internalization pathways for GIII.2 bovine noroviruses
Axel Mauroy1, Laurent Gillet2, Elisabeth Mathijs1
1Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
Abstract:
Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes have been described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury2 strains have been classified into genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus-host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, α-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalization by Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The data increase the knowledge on bovine norovirus cell interactions.
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