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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Electromyometrial Imaging of Uterine Contractions in Pregnant Women
Published on: May 26, 2023
Electronic fetal monitoring: past, present, and future
Molly J Stout1, Alison G Cahill
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis, 4911 Barnes Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. stoutm@wudosis.wustl.edu
Abstract:
Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) using cardiotocography is a common tool used during labor and delivery for assessment of fetal well-being. It has largely replaced the use of intermittent auscultation and fetal scalp pH sampling. However, data suggesting improved clinical outcomes with the use of EFM are sparse. In this review, the history of EFM is revisited from its inception in the 1960s to current practice, interpretations, and future research goals.
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