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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is water;...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures
05:39

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures

Published on: April 8, 2014

Shock wave technology and application: an update.

Jens J Rassweiler1, Thomas Knoll, Kai-Uwe Köhrmann

  • 1Department of Urology, Klinikum Heilbronn, SLK Kliniken Heilbronn, University of Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Germany. jens.rassweiler@slk-kliniken.de

European Urology
|March 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New lithotripter technology improves stone disintegration. Optimizing shock wave application with slower rates, energy ramping, and better coupling enhances extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) efficacy and safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures
05:39

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures

Published on: April 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Advancements in lithotripter technology present challenges in shock wave application.
  • Emerging research addresses stone disintegration, shock wave focusing, coupling, and application methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a consensus on the physics and techniques of lithotripsy.
  • Involves urologists, physicists, and European lithotripter manufacturers.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review (PubMed, Embase, Medline) on shock wave physics and stone disintegration.
  • Incorporation of findings from a consensus meeting of the German Society of Shock Wave Lithotripsy.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic squeezing model offers new insights into stone comminution.
  • Optimized ESWL efficacy through lower pulse rates (60-80/min) and energy ramping.
  • Coupling quality is critical, influenced by gel properties; fluoroscopy time reduced by tracking systems.

Conclusions:

  • Novel stone disintegration theories support shock wave sources with larger focal zones.
  • Slower pulse rates, ramping strategies, and proper coupling enhance ESWL safety and efficacy.