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Related Concept Videos

Test Cross

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

Test Cross

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing over

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

Published on: March 10, 2020

Crossing tomato plants.

Seisuke Kimura¹, Neelima Sinha

¹Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

|March 2, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This protocol details tomato plant crossing, a vital technique for genetic analysis and breeding. Emasculation is crucial for self-pollinating tomatoes to enable cross-breeding with wild species for desirable traits.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

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Published on: March 10, 2020

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Published on: December 28, 2016

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Published on: March 16, 2010

Area of Science:

Plant genetics
Agricultural science
Horticulture

Background:

Tomatoes are self-pollinating, necessitating specific techniques for cross-breeding.
Tomato breeding programs rely on controlled crosses for genetic improvement.
Wild tomato species offer valuable genetic resources for cultivated varieties.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a detailed protocol for successfully crossing tomato plants.
To highlight the importance of emasculation in tomato hybridization.
To emphasize the utility of crossing wild and cultivated tomato species.

Main Methods:

Emasculation: surgical removal of anthers from the female parent flower before pollen release.
Pollination: controlled transfer of pollen from the male parent to the emasculated female flower.
Seed collection and propagation: harvesting seeds from successful crosses for subsequent generations.

Main Results:

Successful cross-pollination between parent tomato lines.
Generation of hybrid seeds with potential for desirable traits.
Demonstration of the feasibility of incorporating wild tomato genetics.

Conclusions:

The described protocol enables effective tomato plant hybridization.
Cross-breeding, particularly with wild relatives, is key to enhancing tomato genetic diversity and crop improvement.
Understanding and applying these crossing techniques are fundamental for tomato breeders and geneticists.