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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
07:06

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Published on: May 23, 2021

Otosclerosis.

Megan Ealy, Richard J H Smith

    Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
    |March 2, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Otosclerosis, a common cause of adult hearing loss, involves bone growth in the ear. Research is uncovering both genetic and environmental factors contributing to this complex condition.

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    Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

    Published on: February 29, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Otolaryngology
    • Genetics
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Otosclerosis is a prevalent form of adult-onset hearing loss, affecting 0.3-0.4% of Caucasians.
    • It typically manifests as conductive hearing loss caused by labyrinthine endochondral sclerosis.
    • Invasion of the stapedio-vestibular joint impairs stapes mobility, leading to hearing impairment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the complex etiology of otosclerosis.
    • To review current understanding of genetic and environmental factors in otosclerosis development.
    • To highlight advances in identifying genomic loci and gene associations.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on otosclerosis.
    • Analysis of genomic loci mapped in families with autosomal-dominant otosclerosis.
    • Examination of population-based studies identifying gene associations.

    Main Results:

    • Identified numerous genomic loci associated with autosomal-dominant otosclerosis.
    • Population studies revealed significant gene associations.
    • Evidence supports the involvement of both genetic predisposition and environmental influences.

    Conclusions:

    • Otosclerosis etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental components.
    • Ongoing research is significantly enhancing the understanding of this complex hearing loss condition.
    • Advances in genetic mapping and association studies are crucial for future research.