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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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Transcriptional Analysis by Nascent RNA FISH of In Vivo Trophoblast Giant Cells or In Vitro Short-term Cultures of Ectoplacental Cone Explants
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Somatic genomic variations in extra-embryonic tissues.

Jingly F Weier1, Christy Ferlatte, Heinz-Ulli G Weier

  • 1University of California (UC), San Francisco, CA, USA.

Current Genomics
|March 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human placental cells in pregnancy often gain chromosomes, becoming hyperdiploid. This aneuploidy may limit cell proliferation, potentially offering an anti-cancer effect during reproduction.

Keywords:
Gestationaneuploidycytotrophoblastfluorescence in situ hybridization.placentauterine invasion

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Published on: October 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • The placenta is crucial for fetal development, comprising specialized tissues like villi.
  • Invasive cytotrophoblasts are key cells at the fetal-maternal interface.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate chromosomal abnormalities in human invasive cytotrophoblasts.
  • To understand the implications of aneuploidy in placental development.

Main Methods:

  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze chromosomes.
  • Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation measured DNA replication.

Main Results:

  • Human invasive cytotrophoblasts frequently exhibited chromosome gains, leading to hyperdiploidy.
  • Chromosome losses were infrequent.
  • Hyperdiploid cells showed significantly reduced DNA replication.

Conclusions:

  • Aneuploidy, specifically hyperdiploidy, is a normal feature of human placentation.
  • This genomic variation may limit invasive cytotrophoblast proliferation.
  • Somatic genomic variations in reproduction might have beneficial anti-neoplastic effects.