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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Introducing Point Mutations into Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Seamless Genome Editing
09:03

Introducing Point Mutations into Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Seamless Genome Editing

Published on: May 10, 2020

Somatic coding mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Athurva Gore1, Zhe Li, Ho-Lim Fung

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.

Nature
|March 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) can acquire genetic mutations during reprogramming. These acquired genetic modifications, alongside epigenetic changes, necessitate genetic screening for safe clinical applications.

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Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes
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Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

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Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
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Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Introducing Point Mutations into Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Seamless Genome Editing
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Published on: May 10, 2020

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes
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Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

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Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
08:25

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Published on: April 3, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Defined transcription factors can epigenetically reprogram adult mammalian cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS).
  • The genomic integrity at the single nucleotide level after reprogramming remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) acquire genetic modifications during the reprogramming process.
  • To assess the nature and frequency of point mutations in hiPS cell lines generated by different methods.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of 22 human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell lines generated using five distinct reprogramming methods.
  • Analysis of protein-coding regions for point mutations, including non-synonymous, nonsense, and splice variants.
  • Comparison of mutations in hiPS cells with their original fibroblast progenitor cells.

Main Results:

  • An average of five protein-coding point mutations per exome were identified in hiPS cell lines.
  • Mutations were enriched in genes associated with cancer.
  • Approximately half of the observed mutations pre-existed in progenitor cells, while the remainder arose during or after reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) acquire genetic mutations in addition to epigenetic reprogramming.
  • These genetic alterations can include potentially harmful variants in cancer-associated genes.
  • Comprehensive genetic screening is crucial for ensuring the safety of hiPS cells prior to clinical use.