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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
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Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
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How to avoid rediscovering the known.

Lawrence C Kuo1

  • 1Structural Biology, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|March 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug discovery often requires multiple screening exercises to identify high-quality hits. This chapter outlines strategies in fragment-based lead discovery to avoid repeating previous screening efforts and find novel, improved compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Drug discovery and development
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Fragment-based drug discovery

Background:

  • Single screening exercises in pharmaceutical and biotech settings frequently yield hits of insufficient quality for lead compound progression.
  • The need for novel methods to identify tractable hits is increasing, especially for challenging new target classes.
  • Differentiated backup compounds are crucial for sustaining clinical programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe strategies for fragment-based lead discovery.
  • To avoid rediscovering known compounds during screening.
  • To find chemically and pharmacologically attractive hits.

Main Methods:

  • Employing improved or larger compound libraries.
  • Utilizing different or more sensitive detection methods.
  • Adopting specific strategies within fragment-based lead discovery.

Main Results:

  • Repeating screens without significant changes to compound libraries or readouts often yields only variations of original hits.
  • The chapter focuses on strategic approaches rather than specific experimental results.
  • The described strategies aim to generate novel and improved screening outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Fragment-based lead discovery requires strategic planning to avoid redundant efforts.
  • Novelty in compound libraries and detection methods is key to discovering differentiated hits.
  • Effective strategies are essential for advancing drug discovery programs, particularly for new target classes.