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Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...

Layers of the Heart Wall

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...

Overview of the Vascular System

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

Published on: September 9, 2016

Network of endocardial vessels.

Byung-Cheon Lee¹, Hong Bae Kim, Baeckkyoung Sung

¹Pharmacopuncture Medical Research Institute, Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul, Korea.

|March 5, 2011

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to visualize threadlike endocardial vessels in bovine hearts. These vessels possess multiple lumens and collagenous extracellular matrices, offering new insights into cardiac structures.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

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Published on: September 9, 2016

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Published on: December 7, 2016

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Published on: July 27, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Microscopy Techniques
Histology

Background:

Threadlike structures within the heart have been previously reported but largely overlooked.
Limited understanding of their morphology and function necessitates further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an effective method for observing threadlike structures on endocardial surfaces.
To elucidate the ultrastructural characteristics of these endocardial vessels.

Main Methods:

An in situ staining technique using trypan blue was employed for visualization.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized for detailed ultrastructural analysis.

Main Results:

Networks of endocardial vessels (20 μm thick) with distinct expansions (40-100 μm diameter) were identified in bovine atria and ventricles.
CLSM revealed aligned rod-shaped nuclei and numerous cells within vessel expansions.
TEM demonstrated multiple lumens (1-7 μm) and extracellular matrices rich in collagen fibers within the vessels.

Conclusions:

The study successfully investigated the endocardial circulatory system in bovine cardiac chambers.
Detailed ultrastructural features, including nucleic distribution and collagenous matrices, were characterized.
This research provides a foundation for understanding the role of these novel vascular structures in cardiac physiology.