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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open.

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Relaxation time mapping in multiple sclerosis.

Stefan Ropele1, Christian Langkammer, Christian Enzinger

  • 1Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative MRI techniques map brain changes in multiple sclerosis. Advanced methods assess myelin and macromolecular content, offering new insights into disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves significant brain tissue changes.
  • Accurate quantitative assessment of these changes is crucial for diagnosis and monitoring.
  • Existing MRI techniques have limitations in fully characterizing tissue alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of MRI relaxation mapping techniques for multiple sclerosis.
  • To discuss advanced methods incorporating tissue compartment proton distribution.
  • To review the application of these techniques in multiple sclerosis research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various MRI pulse sequences and analysis techniques for relaxation mapping.
  • Discussion of methods quantifying myelin and macromolecular content.
  • Exploration of techniques accounting for hydrogen proton distribution in different tissue compartments.

Main Results:

  • Several relaxation mapping techniques are available for quantitative assessment in MS.
  • Newer developments offer markers for myelin and macromolecular content.
  • Technical limitations include acquisition time, accuracy, precision, RF absorption, and brain coverage.

Conclusions:

  • Relaxation mapping MRI techniques are valuable tools for studying multiple sclerosis.
  • Advanced methods provide insights into myelin and macromolecular changes.
  • Understanding technical limitations is essential for effective application in MS.