Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Initial combination therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: considerations for metformin plus linagliptin.

Drugs in context·2014

Same author

Review of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent agents for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and potential role for sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors.

Postgraduate medicine·2013

Same author

What have we learned about the treatment of type 2 diabetes? The evolving paradigms.

American journal of therapeutics·2012

Same author

Improving glucagon-like peptide-1 dynamics in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2012

Same author

Common patient concerns about the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus management.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2012

Same author

Potential drug interactions associated with treatments for type 2 diabetes and its comorbidities: a clinical pharmacology review.

Expert review of clinical pharmacology·2011

Same journal

2020 AOA Research Abstracts and Poster Competition.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

Same journal

Communication Skills of Grandview/Southview Medical Center General Surgery Residents.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

Same journal

[PREPRINT] "Somebody Who Does Something Other Than Osteopathy".

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

Same journal

Toward Resilience: Medical Students' Perception of Social Support.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

Same journal

Comparison of State Medical Licensing Board Disclosures Regarding Resident Performance for United States Allopathic, Osteopathic, and Foreign Medical Graduates.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

Same journal

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19: A Community Hospital's Experience.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2020

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

Optimizing outcomes for GLP-1 agonists.

Jeffrey S Freeman¹

¹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131-1633, USA. jeffreyfreemando@aol.com

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

|March 11, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists offer an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, aiding blood glucose control without causing weight gain. These agents are beneficial for early-stage patients and have a low risk of hypoglycemia.

More Related Videos

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pharmacology

Background:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus management presents challenges due to current treatment limitations like weight gain and hypoglycemia.
Patient frustration with existing agents necessitates exploring alternative therapeutic options.

Observation:

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists demonstrate efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels.
These agents are not associated with weight gain and may promote weight loss.
GLP-1 agonists function only when hyperglycemia is present, mitigating hypoglycemia risk.

Findings:

Longer-acting GLP-1 agonists offer less frequent dosing, reduced nausea, and potentially better adherence.
Gradual dose escalation is recommended to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.
Concurrent use may require sulfonylurea dose reduction.

Implications:

GLP-1 agonists represent a valuable therapeutic class for type 2 diabetes, particularly for early-stage disease and patients needing significant glucose lowering.
Optimizing patient expectations and understanding the primary goal of glucose control are crucial for successful therapy.
This review provides essential information on adverse effects, contraindications, and administration to maximize treatment success.