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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

Neuroanesthesiology update 2010.

Jeffrey J Pasternak1, William L Lanier

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Pasternak.jeffrey@mayo.edu

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|March 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes 2010 research on neurosurgical and neurocritical care, focusing on neuroanesthesiology, cerebral physiology, and pharmacology. It highlights key findings in intracranial hemorrhage, brain injury, and neuroprotection for better patient outcomes.

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Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • The field of neuroanesthesiology requires continuous updates on the latest research.
  • Care for neurosurgical and neurocritical patients is complex and multidisciplinary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the 2010 literature relevant to neurosurgical and neurocritical patient care.
  • To highlight advancements in neuroanesthesiology, particularly in cerebral physiology and pharmacology.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of anesthesiology, neurology, neurosurgery, critical care, and internal medicine journals.
  • Inclusion of articles published from January 1, 2010, to November 31, 2010.
  • Prioritization of studies with novel information, clinical utility, statistical power, and clear conclusions.

Main Results:

  • Key areas reviewed include cerebral physiology and pharmacology, intracranial hemorrhage, carotid artery disease, spine surgery, traumatic brain injury, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity.
  • The review synthesizes findings from diverse medical and scientific publications.
  • Emphasis on clinically relevant and statistically robust research.

Conclusions:

  • The 2010 literature provides significant advancements in understanding and managing neurosurgical and neurocritical conditions.
  • Neuroanesthesiology continues to evolve, with critical implications for patient outcomes.
  • Evidence-based practice in neurocritical care is supported by novel research findings.